Issue: child abuse

Child abuse is the physical, psychological or sexual maltreatment of children. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines child maltreatment as any act or series of acts or commission or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child. Most child abuse happens in a child's home, with a smaller amount occurring in the organizations, schools or communities they interact with. There are four categories of child abuse: neglect, physical abuse, psychological or emotional abuse and sexual abuse.

Component of changes

1) Identity of changes

It refer to something that gives impact in social behavior.

From this issue, the identity of change are changes in emotion and behavior of children.The children will lost their confident, the emotion become unstable and cannot give full attention in their studies especially for the student. This become worse when the children cannot accept the effect of the abuse that done by their parent.It also can increasing the social problems among the children such as smoking, loafing, vandalism and so on since they afraid , and unhappy to stay at home.

2) Level of changes

It refer to level of people or group that affected by that situation.

in this case the level of changes referring to the youngster ( a month until 12 years old)

3)Duration of changes

Duration of the changes are long since this problem still cannot be solve. According to the statistic of child abuse cases by state and sex,2002 until 2006 sources from Department of Social Welfare, Malaysia, we can see the increasing number of cases in all state in 2002 which is 1242 cases and for 2006, 1999 cases. So, we can say that, this problem are always increase day by day and for your information, this abuse more to the girl.

statistic 2002-2006

4) Magnitude of changes

Our group classified that this case as incremental in term of magnitude changes since it always continuous until now. It can be seen in the statistic that we told just now like above. This is unplanned and quantitative changes.

5) Rate of changes

The rate of changes in this issue is continuous. It is because its still happen until today. So the government and parents itself should give more attention and awareness about these problems.

Variable of Changes

1) Conflict

The conflict can be seen in the person who have possibility in abusing child such as parents. For example when the parents have a lot of problems in the office and they cannot control their stress. So, their children become the victim from the under control actions.

2) Economic

In term of poverty, it is happen especially for the family who has economic problems. the burden that they carry as poor people become serious when their children cannot understand and accept it.For example, the parent become stress and then, make uncontrolled actions because they think their children give burden to them such as always request something that they unable to fulfill.

3) Structure strains

When there are too many conflict between parents, it make conflict arise and make changes in the structure of family itself such as divorced. So, this also become the another reason for abusing happen to children.

4) Which of those (social, economic and politic) should be given more emphasis right now and why?


In our opinion, we think that social should be given more emphasis by government right now. It is because, people is the one who will determine whether our country can be develop or not. As we can see now, lots of social problem occurred in our country such as drug addicts, mat rempit and so on and those problem is happening to our young generation. A young generation is our future leader to help increase the country development. If we don't have a quality young generation, how can we develop our country in the future? So, the government should think lots of alternative to ensure that our country could avoid and destroy all those problems. As an alternative, the government could provide a place for a young generation to generate their mind and in the same time can let them have fun. It is useless if we have lots of resources if we don't have a capable people to manage all the resources that we have.This is because, people is the one that will effect our country economic and also politic factor. The main point is that both side should play their role to help improve the development of the country. Our public should change their attitude to support our government and in the same time can improve ourself.

3) Should the government adopt private sector method in administering public affairs?


In our opinion, the government should adopt the privatization in administering public affairs since it will help to decrease government burden. In addition,it will increase the efficiency and effectiveness of public affairs in term of their services. For example, in medical services in government sector, their services is a little bit bad rather than private hospital. However, public rather go to government hospital than private due to the problem of low income. So, the government should take private sector as a guideline in term of the way they serve their patient regarding of their culture, races and also belief. Other than that, government should hire more expertise. Just like private sector, they are hire more expertise and experience workers to increase their development. So, same thing should be done in government sector to ensure that government can improve their performance. As a result, a quality product and services can be produce since they have an experience and quality workers.

2) Analyze the impact of securing foreign aid to the development of a country. how far do you think the government should comply with the rules put by the borrowers and why you say so?



In our opinion,the impact of securing foreign aid is that we will be too depend on the borrower countries or agencies. Since we get the aid,we are bound to their rules. Once we are breach one of their rules, the borrowers have a right to take back the aid as they like. For example, our former Finance Minister, Anwar Ibrahim want to borrow money from World Bank since Malaysia were having economic crisis on that time. however, our former Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohd did not agree with that action since he can foresee our country condition in the future if we take that aid we will facing a big problem. so, it is better for us not to get foreign aid since it will affected our country. we can see the effect through Indonesia country who had borrowed money from the World Bank. their country now are suffered from settle down all the loan that they had get. as a lender, the government should follow the rules that are made by the borrowers but the term and condition should be relevant so that it will bring benefits for both side. as for the lender side, they are able to improve their development since they have enough resources. while for the borrower side, they can make the aid as an investment since the lender will pay back their money in the time that had been stated and agreed by both parties.

2nd week task

1) what would be the appropriate theme in illustrating the current development situation in Malaysia?



In our opinion, we think that the current development in our country can be illustrate based on 1980s. In 1980s,our country not only concern about the development but also in other aspects such as economy, politic and social same like nowaday. In this era, focus are more given in increasing the ability in public and private sector. We can see our country still maintain the development strategy such as the privatization which was introduced by our former Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohammad. By this way, it can lesser the burden of our goverment responsibility in development. In 1980s, there are many policies had been introduced and it is still being used until now. For instance,NEP that created in order to reduce the proverty and to minimize the gap between the poor and rich people. So,1980s is the best era that we can compared with our current development because our country development today are not too stable but still under control.It shows that the development in 1980s is equivalent with our current development in our country.

Task 3:

Relevancy of Development Administration to:

1) Human & Social Dimensions of Development

Human & social development is about how people who connected to each other and how the unite citizen will help the development.
Human is a very important element in making any development. The development is done for the country and also for its citizen. So, a good social relation can be done through a good administration by the government. Developed human and social will lead to good administration since they will administer correctly and done the process of development step by step. For instance, in our country, we are multicultural. So whenever there are any festival that were setup by government such as "Gong Xi Raya" will united all the citizen even though there are different races.

2) Economic development

Economic development can be defined as the growth or changes in the country that connected with supply of the money, industry and so on. We need economic development to stable our economic condition since it will help to decrease the number of unemployment and also inflation. We should have a good administration to ensure we have lots of alternative to face any uncertainty problems in the future. So, we really need development administration to ensure all the plans can be implement successfully. For example, our government had set up an agency such as FAMA to help farmers to start their business. as the result, it will help to decrease the number of unemployment since this field required lots of manpower. when the number of unemployment is decrease, so it will help to increase economic growth.

3) Political Development

Political development is focus on how we choose the correct the leader. A leader is the one that will help the maintain and develop administration in our country.
The political development is important to ensure our country are not left behind. Political development will show by the growth of the politician mind when they made any decision to help stabilize the condition of political administration. Political development should be administer efficiently to ensure it continuously expand for the benefits of the society and also an effective administration can avoid any corruption among them. As the citizen, we must choose our leader carefully based on their ability and qualification to ensure they can complete their task. For instance, PPRT. The objective is to help the poor people but the misconduct in the administration had cause the people who suppose to get the aid did not get it. The leader is the one who is responsible in this matter since the leader is the one who make the decision.

4) Public Administration Development

Public administration development focus more on how to improve the system in public sector.
When we know how to administer or run our development, we can enhance and improve the system of public sector. We can take Norway country as an example. Their government made an education policy to ensure that all the children have an equal right in term of getting a quality education.This is one of the government strategy to improve their development social welfare. It also shows that their government are running or administer their administration in a good way which they made a policy for the sake of their citizen and also their self in the future.

cont'

3)Differences between:

developed nations, developing nations, least developed nations and underdeveloped nations

1) Developed nations

-countries that achieved a high level of industrialization in which tertiary and quaternary sectors of industry dominate
-developed country or advanced country include industrialized country,more developed countries(MDC), global north countries, more economically developed country(MEDC), first world countries and post-industrialized countries.
-the term industrialized country may be somewhat ambiguous, as industrialization is an on going process that is hard to be fine.
-the term MEDC,is used by modern geographer to specially described the status of the countries refer to more economically developed.
-according to the economist such as Jeffrey Sach however, the current divide between the developed and developing world is largely a phenomenon of 20th century.
-e.g: Japan


2)Developing nations

-knows also as third world country
-play important role in the world economy
-modern economy relies heavily on the trade
-if it was not for the trade,we would not have many of the goods we used in daily lives.
-to throughly understand the world economy, we must understand the relationship between the nations that trade and the developement of the nation of the world.
-e.g: Laos, Bangladesh, Bosnia,Malaysia

3)Least Developed Nations

- a group of countries that have been identified by the united nations as 'least developed' in term of their low gross income, their weak human assets and high degree of economic vulnerability.

-The least developed countries describes the world's poorest countries with these criteria:

a) Low-income criterion
- based on 3year average estimate of the grow national income(GNI) per capita
-under $750 for inclusion
-above $900 for graduation

b) Human resources weakness criterion
-involving a composite Human Assets Index based on indicators of
nutrition, health,education and adult literacy

c) Economic vulnerability criterion
based on indicators of the instability of agricultural production, the instability of export of good and services, merchandise export concentration and the handicap of economic smallness.

-e.g: Madagascar, Sudan, Timor Leste, Afghanistan,Uganda


4) Underdeveloped nations

-state of an country that has not reached its maturity
-technologically less advanced or developing.they are generally typified as low income, having low income, having economist dependent on export of major product to develop countries in return for finish product.
-often used to refer to economic underdevelopment, symptoms of which include lack of access to job opportunities, health care, drinkable water, food, education and housing.
-resources are not used to their full socio-economic potential with result the regional development is slower in most cases rather than it should be.
-also characterized by a wide disparity between their rich and poor populations an unhealthy balance of trade.
-this nation also tend to have high rate illiteracy,disease,population growth and unstable government.
-e.g: Africa, Myanmar, Nepal

cont'

2)What are the significant of the administration in the development?

1) More efficient, effective and run smoothly

If government in our country supervise the development systematically, the administration can be run smoothly and become more effective and efficient.For instance, PLKN. Our government manage the location, the facilities and selected teenagers to make sure all thing run appropriately. This is to ensure they produce the high quality of teenagers in various aspect such as mentality, attitude,behavior and so on. As the end result, we can see that most of the teenagers who join PLKN are more behave well and change from before they join PLKN. This shows that our government had achieved its objective of their implementation of PLKN and it also shows a good administration on behalf of the government.

2) Increase development and enable to compete with other country

When everything run smoothly and appropriate, it show that our country has used the good administration. It can enable us to increase development for the future and create the stability in the administration. When the administration continuously upgrade and maintain the stability, it can ensure our country to compete with others. For example, Malaysia had build up Kuala Lumpur International Airport(KLIA) for the benefit of the society. In the same time, it shows that our government are able to provide a facilities that are international world class and also show that we are not left behind and able to compete with other develop country in term of our development.

3) Avoid any negative consequences

When government always supervise and control their admin, they can avoid tendency the negative consequences happen. It will avoid the mismanagement, corruption, and other problem. For instance, the case of collapse building at Bukit Antarabangsa, Ampang because of structure of the land. However, after made an investigation, the new housing project are affecting to the structure of the land. The government should investigate first before approve any housing project at that area. Here, it clearly show that the local government at that particular area did not administer their administration appropriately that had cause a negative consequences.

Task 2

1)Why do we need development?

Development is very important for a country to develop. We can see it through several aspect including economy, social and politic.

In the aspect of economy, it is important to develop our country economy. Economy development can be measured by using GNP and GDP. We need to develop the economy in order to decrease the number of poverty in our country and in the same time can attract the foreign investors. For example, the objective of New Economy Plan (NEP) is to minimize the number of poverty in order to raised up economy of the country.

In the aspect of social, we need to develop the society in order to produce an educated and quality society. Those society is a very useful tool which plays an important roles as manpower in order to implement the development. For instance, the government build up an institutional study for their citizen such as UIA. This institution study will help the government to produce an educated and high quality student. Those student will help to develop the country in the future using their skills and ability.

For political aspect, it depends on the rights and freedom of the society in voice out their needs. For example, in election the people will vote for their representative and the selected representative are accountability to government.

Task 1:

Redefine development administration

Development Administration is a field of study on how government control and supervise all the development through implement and improving the policies, programs and projects including social changes and economics,also unite the community to reach development objective.

From the definition we can see that government need to control or supervise all the development. It is because whatever development that wanted to be implement need to be supervise all the time. We should not implement something without supervise it. If we do not supervise it correctly, an negative effect might occur such as corruption. Government has their own plan to develop the country. One of their strategy is by making and implementing policies and other programs so that both parties, government and public will get the benefit. All those programs objective is to develop the country in all aspect especially economy so that we have enough resources to develop the country and also to integrate all the citizen and also their leaders regardless of their races, religion, belief and also culture.

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